澳大利亚 [AUSTRALIA]
中华人民共和国政府和澳大利亚政府关于对所得避免双重征税和防止偷漏税的协定
AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME
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中华人民共和国政府和澳大利亚政府关于对所得避免双重征税和防止偷漏税的协定
中华人民共和国政府和澳大利亚政府，愿意缔结关于对所得避免双重征税和防止偷漏税的协定，达成协议如下：
第一条
人的范围
本协定适用于缔约国一方或者同时为双方居民的人。
第二条
税种范围
一、本协定适用的现行税种是：
（一）在澳大利亚：
按照澳大利亚联邦的联邦法律征收的所得税，和对有关勘探开发海洋石油征收的资源租用税。
（二）在中国：
按照中华人民共和国法律征收的所得税。
二、本协定也适用于本协定签订之日后增加或者代替现行税种的相同或者实质相似的税收。缔约国双方主管当局应将各自税法所作的实质变动，在其变动后的适当时间内通知对方。
第三条
一般定义
一、在本协定中，除上下文另有解释的以外：
（一）"澳大利亚"一语用于地理概念时，不包括除了下述领土以外的其他所有海外领土：
1. 诺福克岛；
2. 圣诞岛；
3. 克克斯（基凌）群岛；
4. 阿什莫和卡铁尔群岛；
5. 赫德群岛和麦克唐纳群岛；和
6. 珊瑚海群岛，
以及包括按照国际法和澳大利亚对大陆架的海底和底土的自然资源进行开发的现行有效法律。为澳大利亚所属的任何区域（包括本项特别列出的领土）;
（二）"中国"一语是指中华人民共和国；用于地理概念时，是指实施有关中国税收法律的所有中华人民共和国领土，包括领海，以及根据国际法，中华人民共和国拥有勘探和开发海底和底土资源以及海底以上水域资源的主权权利的领海以外的区域；
（三）"缔约国一方"和"缔约国另一方"的用语，按照上下文，是指由其政府签署本协定的澳大利亚和中国；
（四）"人"一语包括个人、公司和其他团体；
（五）"公司"一语是指法人团体或者在税收上视同公司或法人团体的实体；
（六）"缔约国一方企业"和"缔约国另一方企业"的用语，按照上下文，分别指缔约国一方居民经营的企业和缔约国另一方居民经营的企业；
（七）"税收"一语按照上下文，是指澳大利亚税收或中国税收；
（八）"澳大利亚税收"一语是指按本协定第二条的规定由澳大利亚征收的税收；
（九）"中国税收"一语是指按本协定第二条的规定由中国征收的税收；
（十）"主管当局"一语在澳大利亚方面是指税务局长或其授权的代表；在中国方面是指国家税务局或其授权的代表。
二、在本协定中，"澳大利亚税收"和"中国税收"的用语，不包括按照缔约国任何一方有关第二条规定的本协定适用税种的税法所处罚的罚金和加收的滞纳金。
三、缔约国一方在实施本协定时，对于未经本协定明确定义的用语，除上下文另有解释的以外，应当具有该国适用于本协定的税种的现行法律所规定的含义。
第四条
居 民
一、在本协定中，"居民"一语是指根据有关缔约国一方的税法，由于是该国居民而负有全面纳税义务的人。
二、如果一个人仅由于所得来源于缔约国一方而在该国负有纳税义务，则在本协定中，不应认为其是该缔约国一方的居民。
三、由于本条前述各款的规定，同时为缔约国双方居民的个人，其身份应按以下规则确定：
（一）应认为是其有永久性住所所在缔约国的居民；
（二）如果其在缔约国双方同时有或没有永久性住所，应认为是与其个人和经济关系更密切的缔约国的居民。
四、由于第一款的规定，除个人以外，同时为缔约国双方居民的人，应认为是其实际管理机构或总机构所在缔约国的居民。然而，当该人在缔约国一方有实际管理机构，在缔约国另一方有总机构，则该人应仅认为是该缔约国另一方的居民。
五、如果一个公司主要为了根据本协定享受优惠的目的而成为缔约国一方的居民，则该公司不应享受第十条、第十一条和第十二条的优惠。
六、由于第一款的规定，一个公司是澳大利亚的居民，当根据中华人民共和国和第三国的税收协定，也是第三国居民时，该公司不作为澳大利亚的居民按照本协定享受优惠。
第五条
常设机构
一、在本协定中，"常设机构"一语是指企业进行全部或部分营业的固定营业场所。
二、"常设机构"一语特别包括：
（一）管理场所；
（二）分支机构；
（三）办事处；
（四）工厂；
（五）作业场所；
（六）矿场、油井或气井、采石场或者其他开采自然资源的场所；
（七）农场或林场。
三、"常设机构"一语还包括：
（一）建筑工地，建筑、装配或安装工程，或者与其有关的监督管理活动，仅以连续六个月以上的为限；
（二）缔约国另一方企业通过雇员或者企业雇用的其他人员，在缔约国一方为同一个项目或相关联的项目提供的劳务，包括咨询劳务，仅以在该缔约国一方任何十二个月中连续或累计超过六个月的为限；和
（三）为勘探或开采自然资源所使用的设施、装置、钻井机、船只或其他设备，或与勘探开采有关的活动，但仅以上述设备的使用或活动连续三个月以上的为限。
四、仅由于下列原因，不应认为企业设有常设机构：
（一）专为储存、陈列或者交付本企业货物或者商品的目的而使用的设施；
（二）专为储存、陈列或者交付的目的而保存本企业货物或者商品的库存；
（三）专为另一企业加工的目的而保存本企业货物或者商品的库存；
（四）专为本企业采购货物或者商品，或者搜集情报的目的所设的固定营业场所；
（五）专为本企业进行其他准备性或辅助性活动，如做广告或科研的目的所设的固定营业场所。
五、除适用第六款规定的独立代理人以外，当一个人在缔约国一方代表缔约国另一方企业进行下列活动之一的，应认为这个人是该企业在缔约国一方的常设机构：
（一）该人在该缔约国有权并经常行使这种权力代表企业签订合同，除非这个人的活动仅限于为本企业采购货物或商品；或者
（二）该人在该缔约国为本企业生产或加工属于本企业的货物或商品。
六、缔约国一方企业仅通过按常规经营本身业务的经纪人、一般佣金代理人或者任何其他独立代理人在缔约国另一方进行营业，不应认为在该缔约国另一方设有常设机构。但是如果这个代理人的活动全部或几乎全部代表该企业，不应认为是本款所指的独立代理人。
七、缔约国一方居民公司，控制或被控制于缔约国另一方居民公司或者在该缔约国另一方进行营业的公司（不论是否通过常设机构），此项事实不能据以使任何一方公司构成另一方公司的常设机构。
第六条
不动产所得
一、不动产所得可以在不动产所在缔约国征税。
二、在本条中"不动产"一语：
（一）在澳大利亚方面，应当具有澳大利亚的法律所规定的含义，并且也应包括：
1. 出租土地和任何其他地下或地表的权益；
2. 作为开采或有权勘探或开采矿藏、石油或天然气井、采石场或其他勘探开采自然资源的场所的报酬而取得的不固定或固定收入的权利。
（二）在中国方面，应当具有中国法律所规定的含义，并且也应包括：
1. 附属于不动产的财产以及农业和林业所使用的牲畜和设备；
2. 有关地产的一般法律规定所适用的权利；和
3. 不动产的用益权；以及开采或有权勘探或开采矿藏、水源和其他自然资源取得的不固定或固定收入的权利；和
（三）不应包括船舶和飞机。
三、上述第二款所涉及的权益、权利或财产，应根据具体情况，以土地、矿藏、石油或天然气井、采石场或自然资源的座落地为所在地。
四、第一款的规定应适用于从直接使用、出租或者任何其他形式使用不动产取得的所得。
五、第一款、第三款和第四款的规定也适用于企业不动产所得和用于进行独立个人劳务的不动产所得。
第七条
营业利润
一、缔约国一方企业的利润应仅在该缔约国征税，但该企业通过设在缔约国另一方的常设机构在该缔约国另一方进行营业的除外。如果该企业通过设在该缔约国另一方的常设机构在该缔约国另一方进行营业，其利润可以在该缔约国另一方征税，但应仅以属于该常设机构的利润为限。
二、除适用第三款的规定以外，缔约国一方企业通过设在缔约国另一方的常设机构在该缔约国另一方进行营业，应将该常设机构视同在相同或类似情况下从事相同或类似活动的独立分设企业，并同该常设机构所隶属的企业或其他企业完全独立处理，该常设机构可能得到的利润在缔约国各方应归属于该常设机构。
三、确定常设机构的利润时，应当按照常设机构所在缔约国的税法规定，允许扣除其进行营业发生的各项费用（包括行政和一般管理费用）, 不论其发生于该常设机构所在国或者其他任何地方。常设机构使用专利或者其他权利支付给企业总机构或该企业其他办事处的特许权使用费、报酬或其他类似款项，具体服务或管理的佣金，以及向其借款所支付的利息，都不作任何扣除（属于偿还代垫实际发生的费用除外）。同样，在确定常设机构的利润时，也不考虑企业总机构或该企业其他办事处，由于使用专利和其他权利支付给常设机构的特许权使用费、报酬或其他类似款项，具体服务或管理的佣金，以及贷款给该企业总机构或该企业其他办事处所取得的利息（属于偿还代垫实际发生的费用除外）。
四、不应仅由于常设机构为企业采购货物或商品，将利润归属于该常设机构。
五、在第一款至第四款中，除有适当的和充分的理由需要变动外，每年应采用相同的方法确定属于常设机构的利润。
六、当缔约国一方主管当局所得到的情报不足以确定归属于常设机构的利润时，本条规定应不影响该缔约国有关确定归属于常设机构利润的法律的执行，但该法律的执行应在该主管当局得到的情报所允许的情况下，并与本条原则保持一致。
七、利润中如果包括有本协定其他各条单独规定的所得项目时，本条规定不应影响其他各条的规定。
八、本条应不影响缔约国一方关于对非居民从事保险业务获得利润征税法律的执行。但在本协定签署之日，如果缔约国任何一方的现行有关法律发生变动（在次要方面，不影响其总原则的除外），缔约国双方应相互协商对本款作出适当的修改。
九、当：
（一）缔约国一方居民有权享有在缔约国另一方由在税收上属于公司信托团体以外的信托财产受托人经营企业的营业利润的份额，不论该居民直接或间接通过一个或多个财产信托人；以及
（二）按照第五条所规定的原则，对于该企业来说，该受托人应视为在该缔约国另一方设有常设机构，
由受托人经营的该企业，应认为是由该居民通过在该缔约国另一方的常设机构在那里进行经营，其享有的营业利润的份额，应归属于该常设机构。
第八条
海运和空运
一、缔约国一方居民以船舶从事经营取得的利润，应仅在该缔约国征税。
二、虽有第一款的规定，当仅在缔约国另一方各地之间以船舶从事经营，其所得利润可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
三、第一款和第二款的规定也适用于参加合伙经营、联合经营或者参加国际经营机构取得的利润。
四、本条中，以船舶在缔约国一方运送旅客、牲畜、邮件、货物或商品到该缔约国另一地方，其所获得的利润应仅视为在该缔约国各地之间以船舶从事经营所取得的利润。
五、本协定不影响1985年11月22日在北京签订的《中华人民共和国政府和澳大利亚政府关于空运企业在国际空运中取得的所得和收入避免双重征税的协定》的执行。
第九条
联属企业
一、当：
（一）缔约国一方企业直接或者间接参与缔约国另一方企业的管理、控制或资本，或者
（二）同一人直接或者间接参与缔约国一方企业和缔约国另一方企业的管理、控制或资本，
在上述任何一种情况下，两个企业之间的商业或财务关系不同于其他完全独立处理的企业之间的关系，因此，本应由其中一个企业取得，但由于这些情况而没有取得的利润，可以计入该企业的利润，并据以征税。
二、本条应不影响缔约国一方有关确定企业利润的法律的执行，包括确定当该缔约国主管当局所得到的情报不足以确定归属于企业所得的法律的执行，但该法律的执行，应在该主管当局得到的情报所允许的情况下，并与本条原则保持一致。
三、缔约国一方将缔约国另一方已征税的企业利润，而这部分利润本应由该缔约国一方企业取得的，包括在该缔约国一方企业的利润内，并且加以征税时，如果这两个企业之间的关系是独立企业之间的关系，该缔约国另一方应对这部分利润所征收的税额加以调整，在确定上述调整时，应对本协定其他规定予以注意，如有必要，缔约国双方主管当局应相互协商。
第十条
股 息
一、缔约国一方居民公司支付的股息，并且该项股息是由缔约国另一方居民受益所有，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、上述股息也可以在支付股息的公司是其居民的缔约国，按照该缔约国的法律征税。但是，所征税款不应超过股息总额的百分之十五。
本款规定，应不影响对该公司支付股息前的利润所征收的公司利润税。
三、本条"股息"一语是指从股份或者非债务关系分享利润的权利取得的所得，以及按照分配利润公司是其居民的缔约国法律，视同股份所得同样征税的其他所得。
四、如果股息受益所有人是缔约国一方居民，在支付股息的公司是其居民的缔约国另一方，通过设在该缔约国另一方的常设机构进行营业或者通过设在该缔约国另一方的固定基地从事独立个人劳务，据以支付股息的股份与该常设机构或固定基地有实际联系的，不适用第一款和第二款的规定。在这种情况下，应视具体情况适用第七条或第十四条的规定。
五、缔约国一方居民公司从缔约国另一方取得利润或所得，该缔约国另一方不得对该公司支付的股息征收任何税收。但该缔约国另一方居民受益所有的股息或者据以支付股息的股份与设在缔约国另一方的常设机构或固定基地有实际联系的除外。对于该公司的未分配的利润，即使支付的股息或未分配的利润全部或部分是发生于该缔约国另一方的利润或所得，该缔约国另一方也不得征收任何税收。
第十一条
利 息
一、发生于缔约国一方的利息，并且该项利息是由缔约国另一方居民受益所有，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、上述利息也可以在该利息发生的缔约国，按照该缔约国的法律征税。但是，所征税款不应超过利息总额的百分之十。
三、本条"利息"一语是指从各种债权取得的所得，不论其有无抵押担保或者是否有权分享债务人的利润；特别是从公债、债券或者信用债券取得的所得，以及根据所得发生的缔约国有关税法，从贷款中取得的其他所有的类似所得。
四、如果利息受益所有人是缔约国一方居民，在利息发生的缔约国另一方，通过设在该缔约国另一方的常设机构进行营业或者通过设在该缔约国另一方的固定基地从事独立个人劳务，据以支付该利息的债权与该常设机构或者固定基地有实际联系的，不适用第一款和第二款的规定。在这种情况下，应视具体情况适用第七条或第十四条的规定。
五、如果支付利息的人为缔约国一方、行政区、或其地方当局或由于第四条第一款的规定是该缔约国居民的人，应认为该利息发生在该缔约国。然而，当支付利息的人不论是否为缔约国一方居民，在缔约国一方设有常设机构或者固定基地，支付该利息的债务与该常设机构或者固定基地有联系，并由其负担这种利息，上述利息应认为发生于该常设机构或固定基地所在缔约国。
六、由于支付利息的人与利息受益所有人之间或者他们与其他人之间的特殊关系，就有关债权所支付的利息数额超出支付人与受益所有人没有上述关系所能同意的数额时，本条规定应仅适用于后来提及的数额。在这种情况下，对该支付款项的超出部分，仍应按各缔约国的法律征税，但应对本协定其他规定予以适当注意。
第十二条
特许权使用费
一、发生于缔约国一方的特许权使用费，并且该项特许权使用费是由缔约国另一方居民受益所有，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、上述特许权使用费也可以在其发生的缔约国，按照该缔约国的法律征税。但是，所征税款不应超过特许权使用费总额的百分之十。
三、本条"特许权使用费"一语是指下列范围视为报酬的各种款项或赊欠的款项，无论是否定期和怎样解释或计算：
（一）使用或有权使用版权、专利、设计、模型、图纸、秘密配方或秘密程序、商标或者其他类似财产或权利；
（二）使用或有权使用工业、商业或科学设备；
（三）提供科学、技术、工业或商业专有技术或情报；
（四）提供任何辅助的或次要的协作，此协作的提供是作为能够使用或享有上述第（一）款中提及的财产或权利，上述第（二）款提及的设备，或上述第（三）款提及的专有技术或情报的一种手段；
（五）使用或有权使用：
1. 电影影片；
2. 电视使用的胶片、磁带；
3. 无线电广播使用的磁带；或
（六）全部或部分放弃有关使用或提供本款涉及的任何财产或权利的权利。
四、如果特许权使用费受益所有人是缔约国一方居民，在特许权使用费发生的缔约国另一方，通过设在该缔约国另一方的常设机构进行营业或者通过在该缔约国另一方的固定基地从事独立个人劳务，据以支付或赊欠该特许权使用费的权利或财产与该常设机构或固定基地有实际联系的，不适用第一款和第二款规定。在这种情况下，应视具体情况适用第七条或第十四条的规定。
五、如果支付特许权使用费的人是缔约国一方、行政区、或其地方当局或由于第四条第一款的规定是该缔约国居民的人，应认为该特许权使用费发生在该缔约国。然而，当支付特许权使用费的人不论是否为缔约国一方居民，在缔约国一方设有常设机构或者固定基地，支付该特许权使用费的义务与该常设机构或者固定基地有联系，并由其负担这种特许权使用费，上述特许权使用费应认为发生于该常设机构或者固定基地所在缔约国。
六、由于支付特许权使用费的人与特许权使用费受益所有人之间或他们与其他人之间的特殊关系，就其支付或赊欠的特许权使用费数额超出支付人与受益所有人没有上述关系所能同意的数额时，本条规定应仅适用于后来提及的数额。在这种情况下，对该支付或赊欠的特许权使用费款项的超出部分，仍应按各缔约国的法律征税，但应对本协定其他规定予以适当注意。
第十三条
财产转让
一、缔约国一方居民转让第六条所述位于缔约国另一方的不动产取得的所得或收益，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、转让缔约国一方企业在缔约国另一方的常设机构营业财产部分的第六条所述不动产以外的财产，或者缔约国一方居民在缔约国另一方从事独立个人劳务的固定基地的第六条所述不动产以外的财产取得的所得或收益，包括转让常设机构（单独或者随同整个企业）或者固定基地取得的所得或收益，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
三、转让从事国际运输的船舶或飞机，或者转让属于经营上述船舶、飞机的第六条所述不动产以外的财产取得的所得或收益，应仅在该经营上述船舶或飞机的企业为其居民的缔约国一方征税。
四、缔约国一方居民转让一个公司的股票或类似权益取得的所得或收益，该公司的财产又全部或主要由第六条所述的位于缔约国另一方的不动产所组成，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
五、本条规定应不影响缔约国一方实施有关转让第一、二、三、四款所述财产以外的财产取得的收益的税收法律。
第十四条
独立个人劳务
一、缔约国一方居民个人由于专业性劳务或者其他类似独立性活动取得的所得，应仅在该缔约国征税。但具有以下情况之一的，可以在缔约国另一方征税：
（一）该个人在缔约国另一方为从事上述活动设有经常使用的固定基地。在这种情况下，该缔约国另一方可以仅对属于该固定基地的所得征税；或
（二）该个人在任何连续十二个月期间在缔约国另一方停留连续或累计超过一百八十三天。在这种情况下，该缔约国另一方可以仅对其在该缔约国进行活动取得的所得征税；
二、"专业性劳务"一语特别包括从事独立的科学、文学、艺术、教育或教学活动，以及医师、律师、工程师、建筑师、牙医师和会计师的独立活动。
第十五条
非独立个人劳务
一、除适用第十六条、第十八条、第十九条、第二十条和第二十一条的规定以外，缔约国一方居民个人因受雇取得的薪金、工资和其他类似报酬，除在缔约国另一方从事受雇的活动以外，应仅在该缔约国一方征税。在该缔约国另一方从事受雇的活动取得的报酬，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、虽有第一款的规定，缔约国一方居民因在缔约国另一方从事受雇的活动取得的报酬，同时具有以下三个条件的，应仅在缔约国一方征税：
（一）收款人在任何连续的十二个月中在该缔约国另一方停留连续或累计不超过一百八十三天；
（二）该项报酬由并非该缔约国另一方居民的雇主支付或代表该雇主支付；
（三）该项报酬不是由雇主设在该缔约国另一方的常设机构或固定基地所负担。
三、虽有第一款和第二款的规定，在缔约国一方企业经营国际运输的船舶或飞机上从事受雇的活动取得的报酬，应仅在该企业为其居民的缔约国征税。
第十六条
董 事 费
缔约国一方居民作为缔约国另一方居民公司的董事会成员取得的董事费和其他类似款项，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
第十七条
艺术家和运动员
一、虽有第十四条和第十五条的规定，缔约国一方居民，作为表演家（如戏剧、电影、广播或电视艺术家、音乐家或者作为运动员），在缔约国另一方从事其个人活动取得的所得，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、虽有第七条、第十四条和第十五条的规定，表演家从事其个人活动取得的所得，并非归属表演家本人，而是归属于其他人，可以在该表演家从事其活动的缔约国征税。
三、虽有第一款和第二款的规定，作为缔约国一方居民的表演家在缔约国另一方按照缔约国双方政府的文化交流计划进行活动取得的所得，在该缔约国另一方应予免税。
第十八条
退 休 金
除适用第十九条第二款的规定以外，因以前的雇佣关系支付给缔约国一方居民的退休金，以及按缔约国另一方社会保险制度支付给缔约国一方居民的款项，应仅在该缔约国一方征税。
第十九条
政府服务
一、
（一）缔约国一方、行政区或其地方当局对履行政府职责向其提供服务的个人支付退休金以外的报酬，应仅在该缔约国一方征税。
（二）但是，如果该项服务是在缔约国另一方提供，而且提供服务的个人是该缔约国另一方居民，并且该居民：
1. 是该缔约国公民或国民；或者
2. 不是仅由于提供该项服务，而成为该缔约国的居民，
该项报酬，应仅在该缔约国另一方征税。
二、
（一）缔约国一方、行政区或其地方当局支付或者从其建立的基金中支付给向其提供服务的个人的退休金，应仅在该缔约国一方征税。
（二）但是，如果提供服务的个人是缔约国另一方居民，并且是其公民或国民的，该项退休金应仅在该缔约国另一方征税。
三、本条第一款和第二款的规定应不适用于向缔约国一方、行政区或其地方当局举办的事业提供服务取得的报酬和退休金。在这种情况下，应视具体情况适用第十五条、第十六条、第十七条和第十八条的规定。
第二十条
教授和教师
一、缔约国一方居民的教授或教师，为教学、深造或研究的目的，在缔约国另一方的大学、学院、学校或其他教育机构停留不超过两年，该人为教学、深造或研究而收到的款项，应在缔约国另一方免税。其免税范围，应是根据本条的实施，在缔约国一方征税的报酬。
二、教授或教师为指导性研究所接受的报酬，如果该项研究主要是为了某个人或某些人的私人利益所从事，则应不适用本条规定。
第二十一条
学生和实习人员
一、当学生或实习人员，是缔约国一方居民或在紧接前往缔约国另一方之前是该缔约国一方的居民，仅为接受教育或培训的目的在缔约国另一方暂时停留，对其为维持生活、接受教育或培训的目的，从缔约国另一方境外收到的各种款项，应在缔约国另一方免税。
二、第一款所述学生或实习人员取得不包括在第一款的赠款、奖学金和劳务报酬，在接受教育或培训期间，应与其所停留国居民享受同样的免税、优惠或减税。
第二十二条
其他所得
一、缔约国一方居民取得的各项所得，不论在什么地方发生的，凡本协定上述各条未作规定的，应仅在该缔约国一方征税。
二、第六条第二款规定的不动产所得以外的其他所得，如果所得受益所有人为缔约国一方居民，通过设在缔约国另一方的常设机构在该缔约国另一方进行营业，或者通过设在该缔约国另一方的固定基地在该缔约国另一方从事独立个人劳务，据以支付所得的权利或财产与该常设机构或固定基地有实际联系的，不适用第一款的规定。在这种情况下，应视具体情况分别适用第七条或第十四条的规定。
三、虽有第一款和第二款的规定，缔约国一方居民取得的各项所得，凡本协定上述各条未作规定，而发生在缔约国另一方的，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
第二十三条
消除双重征税方法
一、在中国，消除双重征税如下：
（一）中国居民从澳大利亚取得的所得，按照本协定规定在澳大利亚缴纳的税额，可以在对该居民征收的中国税收中抵免。但是，抵免额不应超过对该项所得按照中国税法和规章计算的中国税收数额。
（二）从澳大利亚取得的所得是澳大利亚居民公司支付给中国居民公司的股息，同时该中国居民公司拥有支付股息公司股份不少于百分之十的，该项抵免应考虑支付该股息公司就该项所得缴纳的澳大利亚税收。
二、除适用澳大利亚现行有效法律，有关在澳大利亚以外国家支付的税收允许从澳大利亚税收中抵免的规定（应不影响其一般原则）以外，根据中国法律并与本协定一致，澳大利亚居民就来源于中国的所得缴纳的中国税收，不论是直接的或通过扣除缴纳的，应允许从就该项所得所应缴纳的澳大利亚税收中抵免。
三、当一个公司在澳大利亚税收上是中国居民，而不是澳大利亚居民，其支付股息给直接或间接控制其公司选举权股份不少于百分之十的澳大利亚居民公司时，第二款所涉及的抵免，应包括首先提及的公司就支付股息的利润部分所缴纳的中国税收。
四、在第二款和第三款中，所缴纳的中国税收应包括相当于所放弃的中国税收的数额。
五、除适用第六款的规定以外，第四款中"所放弃的中国税收"一语，是指根据中国有关税法并与本协定相一致，本应对所得缴纳的中国税收，由于下列法律规定，而免除或减少的中国税收的数额：
（一）《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业所得税法》第五条、第六条和《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业所得税法施行细则》第三条；
（二）《中华人民共和国外国企业所得税法》第四条和第五条；
（三）《中华人民共和国国务院关于经济特区和沿海十四个港口城市减征、免征企业所得税和工商统一税的暂行规定》的第一部分的第一条、第二条、第三条、第四条、第十条；第二部分的第一条、第二条、第三条、第四条；第三部分的第一条、第二条和第三条；
（四）《国务院关于鼓励投资开发海南岛的规定》的第十二条和第十九条；
（五）《国务院关于鼓励外商投资的规定》的第八条、第九条和第十条；
（六）《中华人民共和国财政部关于沿海经济开放区鼓励外商投资减征、免征企业所得税和工商统一税的暂行规定》的第一条、第二条和第三条。
上述法规在本协定签订后是有效的，并且没有修改，或者仅在次要方面修改而不影响其总的性质，以及澳大利亚财政部长和中国国家税务局长为此类似性质的目的，随时以交换信件所同意承诺的免税或减税的其他规定，如果该规定没有随后修改或仅在次要方面修改而不影响其总的性质。
六、在实施第五款有关第十条、第十一条和第十二条分别适用的股息、利息和特许权使用费所得时，中国税收数额应视为相当于按下列规定支付的数额：
（一）股息，按股息总额的百分之十五；
（二）利息，按利息总额的百分之十；
（三）特许权使用费，按特许权使用费总额的百分之十五，但仅应在根据中国法律，所得税税率，除第五款特别规定以外，不少于百分之十五。
七、第四款、第五款和第六款的规定，应仅适用于由于第二十七条第一款第二项的规定，协定生效后第一个十年的所得年度，以及由澳大利亚财政部长和中国国家税务局长为此目的，以交换信件方式所同意的以后所得年度取得的有关所得。
八、在本条中，根据本协定，在缔约国另一方征税的，由缔约国一方居民取得的利润、所得或收益，应视为来源于该缔约国另一方。
第二十四条
协商程序
一、当一个人认为，缔约国一方或者双方主管当局所采取的措施，导致或将导致对其不符合本协定规定的征税时，可以不考虑各缔约国国内法律的补救办法，将案情提交本人为其居民的缔约国主管当局。该项案情必须在不符合本协定规定的征税措施第一次通知之日起，三年内提出。
二、上述主管当局如果认为所提意见合理，又不能单方面圆满解决时，应设法同缔约国另一方主管当局相互协商解决，以避免不符合本协定规定的征税。达成的协议应予执行，而不受各缔约国国内法律的时间限制。
三、缔约国双方主管当局应通过协议设法解决在实施本协定时所发生的困难或疑义。
四、缔约国双方主管当局为有效实施本协定规定的目的，可以相互直接联系。
第二十五条
情报交换
一、缔约国双方主管当局应交换为实施本协定的规定所需要的情报，或缔约国双方关于本协定所涉及的税种的国内法律的规定所需要的情报（以根据这些法律征税与本协定不相抵触为限），特别是防止避税或偷漏税的情报。缔约国一方主管当局收到的情报应与根据该国国内法得到的情报用同样的方法作密件处理，仅应告知与本协定所含税种有关的查定、征收、执行、起诉或裁决上诉有关的人员或当局（包括法院和行政管理部门），并应仅为此目的使用。
二、第一款的规定在任何情况下，不应被理解为缔约国一方主管当局有以下义务：
（一）采取与该缔约国或缔约国另一方法律或行政惯例相违背的行政措施；
（二）提供按照该缔约国或缔约国另一方法律或正常行政渠道不能得到的情报；
（三）提供泄露任何贸易、经营、工业、商业、专业秘密、贸易过程的情报或者泄露会违反公共政策的情报。
第二十六条
外交代表和领事官员
本协定应不影响按国际法一般规则或特别协定规定的外交代表或领事官员的税收特权。
第二十七条
生 效
本协定应在缔约国双方通过外交途径交换照会，互相通知已完成，为使本协定在澳大利亚和中国生效所必需的最后法律程序之日起生效，本协定视具体情况应有效：
一、在澳大利亚：
（一）本协定生效后下一历年7月1日或以后非居民取得所得的预提税；
（二）本协定生效后下一历年7月1日或以后开始所得年度有关的所得的其他澳大利亚税收。
二、在中国：
本协定生效后下一历年1月1日或以后开始的纳税年度取得的所得。
第二十八条
终 止
本协定应长期有效。但缔约国任何一方可以在本协定生效之日起满五年后任何历年6月30日或以前，通过外交途径书面通知对方终止本协定。在这种情况下，本协定应停止有效：
一、在澳大利亚：
（一）终止通知发出后下一历年7月1日或以后非居民取得的所得的预提税；
（二）终止通知发出后下一历年7月1日或以后开始所得年度有关的所得的其它澳大利亚税收。
二、在中国：
终止通知发出后下一历年1月1日或以后开始的纳税年度的有关所得。
下列代表经正式授权，已在本协定上签字，以昭信守。
本协定于1988年11月17日在堪培拉签订，一式两份，每份都用中文和英文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。
中华人民共和国 澳大利亚
政府代表 政府代表
钱其琛（签字） 基廷（签字）
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AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRALIA FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME
The Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Australia;
Desiring to conclude an Agreement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income;
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1
Personal Scope
This Agreement shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States.
Article 2
Taxes Covered
1. The existing taxes to which this Agreement shall apply are:
(a) in Australia:
the income tax, and the resource rent tax in respect of offshore projects relating to exploration for or exploitation of petroleum resources, imposed under the federal law of the Commonwealth of Australia;
(b) in China:
the income tax imposed under the laws of the People's Republic of China.
2. This Agreement shall also apply to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed after the date of signature of this Agreement in addition to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any substantial changes which have been made in their respective taxation laws within a reasonable period of time after such changes.
Article 3
General Definitions
1. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) the term "Australia", when used in a geographical sense, excludes all external territories other than:
(i) the Territory of Norfolk Island;
(ii) the Territory of Christmas Island;
(iii) the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands;
(iv) the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands;
(v) the Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and
(vi) the Coral Sea Islands Territory, and includes any area adjacent to the territorial limits of Australia (including the Territories specified in this sub-paragraph) in respect of which there is for the time being in force, consistently with international law, a law of Australia dealing with the exploitation of any of the natural resources of the seabed and sub-soil of the continental shelf;
(b) the term "China" means the People's Republic of China and, when used in a geographical sense, it means all the territory of the People's Republic of China, including its territorial sea, in which the laws relating to Chinese tax apply, and any area beyond its territorial sea, within which the People's Republic of China has sovereign rights of exploration for and exploitation of resources of the seabed and its sub-soil and superjacent water resources in accordance with international law;
(c) the terms "a Contracting State" and " the other Contracting State" mean, as the context requires, Australia or China, the Governments of which have concluded this Agreement;
(d) the term "person" includes an individual, a company and any other body of persons;
(e) the term "company" means any body corporate or any entity which is treated as a company or body corporate for tax purposes;
(f) the terms "enterprise of a Contracting State" and "enterprise of the other Contracting State" mean, respectively, an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State, as the context requires;
(g) the term "tax" means Australian tax or Chinese tax, as the context requires;
(h) the term "Australian tax" means tax imposed by Australia, being tax to which this Agreement applies by virtue of Article 2;
(i) the term "Chinese tax" means tax imposed by China, being tax to which this Agreement applies by virtue of Article 2;
(j) the term "competent authority" means, in the case of Australia, the Commissioner of Taxation or an authorised representative of the Commissioner and, in the case of China, the State Taxation Administration or its authorised representative.
2. In this Agreement, the terms "Australian tax" and "Chinese tax" do not include any penalty or interest imposed under the law of either Contracting State relating to the taxes to which this Agreement applies by virtue of Article 2.
3. In the application of this Agreement by a Contracting State, any term not defined in this Agreement shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the meaning which it has under the laws of that State from time to time in force relating to the taxes to which this Agreement applies.
Article 4
Resident
1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "resident" , in relation to a Contracting State, means a person who is fully liable to tax therein by reason of being a resident of that State under the tax law of that State.
2. A person is not a resident of a Contracting State for the purposes of this Agreement if the person is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State.
3. Where by reason of the preceding provisions of this Article a person, being an individual, is a resident of both Contracting States, then the status of the person shall be determined in accordance with the following rules:
(a) the person shall be deemed to be a resident solely of the Contracting State in which a permanent home is available to the person;
(b) if a permanent home is available to the person in both Contracting States, or in neither of them, the person shall be deemed to be a resident solely of the Contracting State with which the person's economic and personal relations are the closer.
4. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a person other than an inividual is a resident of both Contracting States, then it shall be deemed to be a resident solely of the Contracting State in which its place of effective management or head office is situated. However, where such a person has its place of effective management in a Contracting State and its head office in the other Contracting State, the person shall be deemed to be a resident solely of that other State.
5. If a company has become a resident of a Contracting State for the principal purpose of enjoying benefits under this Agreement, that company shall not be entitled to any of the benefits of Articles 10, 11 and 12.
6. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1, a company is a resident of Australia and, under a tax agreement between China and a third country, is also a resident of that third country, the company shall not be considered to be a resident of Australia for the purposes of enjoying benefits under this Agreement.
Article 5
Permanent Establishment
1. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term "permanent establishment" means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on.
2. The term "permanent establishment" includes especially:
(a) a place of management;
(b) a branch;
(c) an office;
(d) a factory;
(e) a workshop;
(f) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry or any other place of extraction of natural resources;
(g) a farm or forest.
3. The term "permanent establishment" likewise encompasses:
(a) a building site, a construction, assembly or installation project, or supervisory activities in connection therewith, but only where that site or project or those activities continue for a period of more than six months;
(b) the furnishing of services, including consultancy services, in a Contracting State by an enterprise of the other Contracting State through employees or other personnel engaged by the enterprise for such purpose, but only where whose activities continue (for the same or a connected project) within the first-mentioned Contracting State for a period or periods aggregating more than six months within any twelve-month period; and
(c) a structure, installation, drilling rig, ship or other equipment used for the exploration for or exploitation of natural resources, or in activities connected with that exploration or exploitation, but only if so used continuously, or those activities continue, for a period of more than three months.
4. An enterprise shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment merely by reason of:
(a) the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise;
(b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage, display or delivery;
(c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose or processing by another enterprise;
(d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise, or for collecting information, for the enterprise;
(e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any other activity of a preparatory or auxiliary character, such as advertising or scientific research.
5. A person acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State-other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph applies-shall be deemed to be a permanent establishment of that enterprise in the first-mentioned State if:
(a) the person has, and habitually exercises in that State, an authority to conclude contracts on behalf of the enterprise, unless the person's activities are limited to the purchase of goods or merchandise for the enterprise; or
(b) the person manufactures or processes in that State for the enterprise goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise.
6. An enterprise of a Contracting State shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in the other Contracting State merely because it carries on business in that other Contracting State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business. However, when the activities of such an agent are devoted wholly or almost wholly on behalf of that enterprise, it will not be considered an agent of an independent status within the meaning of this paragraph.
7. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself make either company a permanent establishment of the other.
Article 6
Income from Immovable Property
1. Income from real property may be taxed in the Contracting State in which the real property is situated.
2. In this Article, the term "immovable property" :
(a) in the case of Australia, shall have the meaning which it has under the laws of Australia, and shall also include:
(i) a lease of land and any other interest in or over land;
(ii) a right to receive variable or fixed payments either as consideration for the exploitation of or the right to explore for or exploit, or in respect of the exploitation of, mineral deposits, oil or gas wells, quarries or other places of extraction or exploitation of natural resources;
(b) in the case of China, shall have the meaning which it has under the laws of China, and shall also include:
(i) property accessory to immovable property and livestock and equipment used in agriculture and forestry;
(ii) rights to which the provisions of the general law respecting landed property apply; and
(iii) usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments either as consideration for the exploitation of or the right to explore for or exploit, or in respect of the exploitation of, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources; and
(c) shall not include ships or aircraft.
3. Any interest, right or property referred to in any of the sub-paragraphs of paragraph 2 shall be regarded as situated where the land, mineral deposits, oil or gas wells, quarries or natural resources, as the case may be, are situated.
4. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply to income from the direct use, letting or use in any other form of real property.
5. The provisions of paragraphs (1), (3) and (4) shall also apply to income from real property of an enterprise and to income from real property used for the performance of independent personal services.
Article 7
Business Profits
1. The profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the profits of the enterprise may be taxed in the other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment.
2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and separate enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions and dealing wholly independently with the enterprise of which it is a permanent establishment or with other enterprises with which it deals.
3. In the determination of the profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions, in accordance with the law relating to tax in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment is situated, expenses which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment (including executive and general administrative expenses so incurred) whether in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere. No such deduction shall be allowed in respect of amounts, if any, paid (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices, by way of royalties, fees or other similar payments in return for the use of patents or other rights, or by way of commission, for specific services performed or for management, or by way of interest on moneys lent to the permanent establishment. Likewise, no account shall be taken, in the determination of the profits of a permanent establishment, for amounts charged (otherwise than towards reimbursement of actual expenses) by the permanent establishment to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices, by way of royalties, fees or other similar payments in return for the use of patents or other rights, or by way of commission for specific services performed or for management, or by way of interest on moneys lent to the head office of the enterprise or any of its other offices.
4. No profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise.
5. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 to 4, the profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary.
6. Nothing in this Article shall affect the application of any law of a Contracting State relating to the determination of the profits to be attributed to a permanent establishment in cases where the information available to the competent authority of that State is inadequate to determine those profits, provided that law shall be applied, so far as the information available to the competent authority permits, consistently with the principles of this Article.
7. Where profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Agreement, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article.
8. Nothing in this Article shall affect the operation of any law of a Contracting State relating to tax imposed on profits from insurance with non-residents provided that if the relevant law in force in either Contracting State at the date of signature of this Agreement is varied (otherwise than in minor respects so as not to affect its general character) the Contracting States shall consult with each other with a view to agreeing to any amendment of this paragraph that may be appropriate.
9. Where:
(a) a resident of a Contracting State is beneficially entitled, whether directly or indirectly through one or more trusts, to a share of the business profits of an enterprise carried on in the other Contracting State by the trustee of a trust estate other than a trust estate which is treated as a company for tax purposes; and
(b) in relation to that enterprise, that trustee has, in accordance with the principles of Article 5, a permanent establishment in that other State,
the enterprise carried on by the trustee shall be deemed to be a business carried on in that other State by that resident through a permanent establishment situated therein and the resident's share of business profits shall be attributed to that permanent establishment.
Article 8
Shipping and Air Transport
1. Profits from the operation of ships derived by a resident of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, such profits may be taxed in the other Contracting State where they are profits from operation of ships confined solely to places in that other State.
3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall also apply to profits from participation in a pool, a joint business or an international operating agency.
4. For the purposes of this Article, profits derived from the carriage by ships of passengers, livestock, mail, goods or merchandise shipped in a Contracting State for discharge at another place in that State shall be treated as profits from operations of ships confined solely to places in that State.
5. Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the operation of the Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the People's Republic of China for the Avoidance of Double Taxation of Income and Revenues Derived by Air Transport Enterprises from International Air Transport signed at Beijing on 22 November 1985.
Article 9
Associated Enterprises
1. Where:
(a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State; or
(b) the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the managenent, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State, and in either case conditions apply between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which might be expected to apply between independent enterprises dealing wholly independently with each other, then any profits which, but for those conditions, might have been expected to accrue to one of the enterprises, but, by reason of those conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly.
2. Nothing in this Article shall affect the application of any law of a Contracting State relating to the determination of the profits to be attributed to an enterprise, including determinations in cases where the information available to the competent authority of that State is inadequate to determine the profits to be attributed to an enterprise, provided that law shall be applied, so far as it is practicable to do so, consistently with the principles of this Article.
3. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that Contracting State and taxes accordingly profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other Contracting State, and the profits so included are profits which might have been expected to have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions applying between the two enterprises had been those which might have been expected to apply between independent enterprises, then that other Contracting State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Agreement and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall, if necessary, consult each other for this purpose.
Article 10
Dividends
1. Dividends which are paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State and which are beneficially owned by resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.
2. Such dividends may be taxed in the Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident and according to the laws of that State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 15 per cent of the gross amount of the dividends.
The provisions of this paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid.
3. The term "dividends" as used in this Article means income from shares or other rights participating in profits and not relating to debt-claims, as well as other income which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the laws of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident.
4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.
5. Where a company which is a resident of a Contracting State derives profits or income from the other Contracting State, that other Contracting State may not impose any tax on the dividends paid by the company, except insofar as such dividends are beneficially owned by a resident of that other State or insofar as the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with a permanent establishment or fixed base situated in that other State, nor subject the company's undistributed profits to tax even if the dividends paid or the undistributed profits consist wholly or partly of profits or income arising in that other State.
Article 11
Interest
1. Interest arising in a Contracting State, being interest of which a resident of the other Contracting State is the beneficial owner, may be taxed in that other State.
2. However, such interest may also be taxed in the Contracting State in which it arises and according to the laws of that State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 per cent of the gross amount of the interest.
3. The term "interest" in this Article means interest from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage and whether or not carrying a right to participate in the debtor's profits, and in particular income from Government securities or from bonds or debentures, and all other income that is assimilated to income from money lent by the law, relating to tax, of the Contracting State in which the income arises.
4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the interest, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the interest arises, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other Contracting State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the indebtedness in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment of fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.
5. Interest shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is that Contracting State, a political subdivision or a local authority of that State or a person who, by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 4, is a resident of that State. Where however, the person paying the interest, whether the person is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the arrangement under which the interest is paid was incurred, and such interest is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to arise in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.
6. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner of the interest, or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the interest paid, having regard to the debt-claim for which it is paid, exceeds the amount which might have been expected to have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such a case, the excess part of the payments shall remain taxable according to the law, relating to tax, of each Contracting State, but subject to the other provisions of this Agreement.
Article 12
Royalties
1. Royalties which arise in a Contracting State and which are beneficially owned by a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.
2. Such royalties may be taxed in the Contracting State in which they arise, and according to the laws of that Contracting State, but the tax so charged shall not exceed 10 per cent of the gross amount of the royalties.
3. The term "royalties" in this Article means payments or credits, whether periodical or not, and however described or computed, to the extent to which they are made as consideration for:
(a) the use of, or the right to use, any copyright, patent, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, trademark, or other like property or right;
(b) the use of, or the right to use, any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment;
(c) the supply of scientific, technical, industrial or commercial know-how or information;
(d) the supply of any assistance that is ancillary and subsidiary to, and is furnished as a means of enabling the application or enjoyment of, any such property or right as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (a), any such equipment as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (b) or any such know-how or information as is mentioned in sub-paragraph (c) ;
(e) the use of, or the right to use:
(i) motion picture films;
(ii) films or video tapes for use in connection with television; or
(iii) tapes for use in connection with radio broadcasting; or
(f) giving up, wholly or partly, a right relating to the use or supply of any property or right referred to in this paragraph.
4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the royalties, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State in which the royalties arise, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid or credited is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.
5. Royalties shall be deemed to arise in a Contracting State when the payer is that Contracting State, a political subdivision or local authority of that State or a person who, by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 4, is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the royalties, whether the person is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base in connection with which the liability to pay the royalties was incurred, and the royalties are borne by that permanent establishment or fixed base, then the royalties shall be deemed to arise in the Contracting State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated.
6. Where, by reason of a special relationship between the payer and the beneficial owner of the royalties or between both of them and some other person, the amount of the royalties paid or credited, having regard to what they are paid or credited for, exceeds the amount which might have been expected to have been agreed upon by the payer and the beneficial owner in the absence of such relationship, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to the last-mentioned amount. In such a case, the excess part of the amount of the royalties paid or credited shall remain taxable according to the law, relating to tax, or each Contracting State, but Subject to the other provisions of this Agreement.
Article 13
Alienation of Property
1. Income or gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of real property referred to in Article 6 and, as provided in that Article, situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.
2. Income or gains from the alienation of property, other than real property referred to in Article 6, that forms part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State or pertains to a fixed base available to a resident of the first-mentioned State in that other State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, including income or gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment (alone or with the whole enterprise) or of such a fixed base, may be taxed in that other State.
3. Income or gains from the alienation of ships or aircraft operated in international traffic, or of property other than real property referred to in Article 6 pertaining to the operation of those ships or aircraft, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the enterprise which operated those ships or aircraft is a resident.
4. Income or gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of shares or comparable interests in a company, the assets of which consist wholly or principally of real property in the other Contracting State of a kind referred to in Article 6, may be taxed in that other State.
5. Nothing in this Agreement affects the application of a law of a Contracting State relating to the taxation of gains of a capital nature derived from the alienation of property other than that to which any of paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 apply.
Article 14
Independent Personal Services
1. Income derived by an individual who is a resident of a Contracting State in respect of professional services or other independent activities of a similar character shall be taxable only in that State except in one of the following circumstances, when the income may also be taxed in the other Contracting State:
(a) if the individual has a fixed base regularly available to him or her in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing his or her activities; in such a case, only so much of the income as is attributable to that fixed base may be taxed in that other Contracting State; or
(b) if the individual's stay in the other Contracting State is for a period or periods exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any consecutive period of 12 months; in such a case, only so much of the income as is derived from his or her activities performed in that other State may be taxed in that other State.
2. The term "professional services" includes especially those performed in the exercise of independent scientific, literary, artistic, educational or teaching activities as well as the independent activities of physicians, lawyers, engineers, architects, dentists and accountants.
Article 15
Dependent Personal Services
1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 16, 18, 19, 20 and 21, salaries, wages and other similar remuneration derived by an individual who is a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that Contracting State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived from that exercise may be taxed in that other State.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if:
(a) the recipient is present in the other Contracting State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any consecutive period of 12 months;
(b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of that other State; and
(c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment or a fixed base which the employer has in that other State.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, remuneration derived in respect of an employment exercised aboard a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise of a Contracting State in international traffic, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the enterprise is a resident.
Article 16
Directors' Fees
Directors' fees and similar payments derived by a person who is a resident of a Contracting State in the person's capacity as a member of the board of directors of a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.
Article 17
Artistes and Athletes
1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 14 and 15, income derived by residents of a Contracting State as entertainers (such as theatrical, motion picture, radio or television artistes and musicians and athletes) from their personal activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.
2. Where income in respect of the personal activities of an entertainer as such accrues not to that entertainer but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7, 14 and 15, be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer are exercised.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, income derived by entertainers who are residents of a Contracting State from their activities as such exercised in the other Contracting State under a plan of cultural exchange between the Governments of the Contracting States shall be exempt from tax in that other Contracting State.
Article 18
Pensions
Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 19, pensions paid to a resident of a Contracting State in consideration of past employment, and payments made to a resident of that State under the social security system or the other Contracting State, shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State.
Article 19
Government Service
1.
(a) Remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or local authority of that State to an individual in respect of services rendered in the discharge of functions of a governmental nature shall be taxable only in that Contracting State.
(b) However, such remuneration shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that other State and the individual is a resident of that other State who:
(i) is a citizen or national of that other State; or
(ii) did not become a resident of that other State solely for the purpose of rendering the services.
2.
(a) Any pension paid by, or out of funds created by, a Contracting State or a political subdivision or local authority of that State to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or authority shall be taxable only in that State.
(b) However, such pension shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the individual is a resident of, and a citizen or national of, that other State.
3. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to remuneration or pensions in respect of services rendered in connection with any trade or business carried on by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or local authority of that State. In such a case, the provisions of Articles 15, 16, 17 or 18, as the case may be, shall apply.
Article 20
Professors and Teachers
1. Where a professor or teacher who is a resident of a Contracting State visits the other Contracting State for a period not exceeding two years for the purpose of teaching or carrying out advanced study or research at a university, college, school or other educational institution in that other State, any remuneration the person receives for such teaching, advanced study or research shall be exempt from tax in that other State to the extent to which that remuneration is, or upon the application of this Article will be, subject to tax in the first-mentioned State.
2. This Article shall not apply to remuneration which a professor or teacher receives for conducting research if the research is undertaken primarily for the private benefit of a specific person or persons.
Article 21
Students and Trainees
1. Where a student or trainee, who is a resident of a Contracting State or who was a resident of that State immediately before visiting the other Contracting State and who is temporarily present in that other State solely for the purpose of his or her education or training, receives payments from sources outside that other State for the purpose of his or her maintenance, education or training, those payments shall be exempt from tax in that other State.
2. In respect of grants, scholarships and remuneration not covered by paragragh 1, a student or trainee described in paragraph 1 shall, in addition, be entitled during his or her education or training to the same exemptions, reliefs or reductions in respect of taxes available to residents of the State which he or she is visiting.
Article 22
Other Income
1. Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State, wherever arising, not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Agreement shall be taxable only in that State.
2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to income other than income from real property as defined in paragraph 2 of Article 6, if the beneficial owner of such income, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base Situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the income is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 or Article 14, as the case may be, shall apply.
3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2, items of income of a resident of a Contracting State not dealt with in the foregoing articles of this Agreement and arising in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State.
Article 23
Methods for the Elimination of Double Taxation
1. In China, double taxation shall be eliminated as follows:
(a) Where a resident of China derives income from Australia, the amount of tax on that income payable in Australia in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement may be credited against the Chinese tax imposed on that resident. The amount of credit, however, shall not exceed the amount of the Chinese tax on that income computed in accordance with the taxation laws and regulations of China.
(b) Where the income derived from Australia is a dividend paid by a company which is a resident of Australia to a company which is a resident of China and which owns not less than 10 percent of the shares of the company paying the dividend, the credit shall take into account the tax paid to Australia by the company paying the dividend in respect of its income.
2. Subject to the provisions of the law of Australia from time to time in force which relate to the allowance of a credit against Australian tax of tax paid in a country outside Australia (which shall not affect the general principle hereof), Chinese tax paid under the law of China and in accordance with this Agreement, whether directly or by deduction, in respect of income derived by a person who is a resident of Australia from sources in China shall be allowed as a credit against Australian tax payable in respect of that income.
3. Where a company which is a resident of China and is not a resident of Australia for the purposes of Australian tax pays a dividend to a company which is a resident of Australia and which controls directly or indirectly not less than 10 per cent of the voting power of the first-mentioned company, the credit referred to in paragraph 2 shall include the Chinese tax paid by that first-mentioned company in respect of that portion of its profits out of which the divident is paid.
4. For the purpose of paragraphs 2 and 3, Chinese tax paid shall include an amount equivalent to the amount of any Chinese tax forgone.
5. In paragraph 4, the term "Chinese tax forgone" means, subject to paragraph 6, an amount which, under the law of China relating to Chinese tax and in accordance with this Agreement, would have been payable as Chinese tax on income but for an exemption from, or reduction of, Chinese tax on that income in accordance with:
(a) Articles 5 and 6 of the Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China concerning Joint Ventures with Chinese and Foreign Investment and Article 3 of the Detailed Rules and Regulations for the Implementation of the Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China concerning Joint Ventures with Chinese and Foreign Investment;
(b) Articles 4 and 5 of the Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China concerning Foreign Enterprises;
(c) Articles I, II, III, IV and Ⅹ of Part I, Articles I, II, III and IV of Part II and Articles I, II and III of Part III of the interim provisions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on reduction in or exemption from enterprise income tax and the consolidated industrial and commercial tax for special economic zones and fourteen coastal cities;
(d) Articles 12 and 19 of the State Council Regulations for the Encouragement of Investment in the Development of Hainan Island;
(e) Articles 8, 9 and 10 of the State Council Regulations concerning the Encouragement of Foreign Investment; and
(f) Articles 1, 2 and 3 of the interim provisions of the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China regarding (reduction in or exemption from) enterprise income tax and industrial and commercial consolidated tax for encouraging foreign investment in the coastal open economic areas:
insofar as they were in force on, and have not been modified since, the date of signature of this Agreement, or have been modified only in minor respects so as not to affect their general character and any other provision which may subsequently be made granting an exemption from or reduction of tax which the Treasurer of Australia and the Commissioner of the State Taxation Administration of China agree from time to time in letters exchanged for this purpose to be of a substantially similar character, if that provision has not been modified thereafter or has been modified only in minor respects so as not to affect its general character.
6. In the application of paragraph 5 in relation to dividend, interest and royalty income to which Articles 10, 11 and 12 respectively apply, the amount of Chinese tax shall be deemed to be the amount equal to:
(a) in the case of dividends, 15 per cent of the gross amount of those dividends;
(b) in the case of interest, 10 per cent of the gross amount of that interest; and
(c) in the case of royalties, 15 percent of the gross amount of those royalties, but only where the rate of tax levied under the law of China, other than a provision specified in paragraph 5, is not less than 15 percent.
7. Paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 shall apply only in relation to income derived in any of the first ten years of income in relation to which this Agreement has effect by virtue of sub-paragraph (a) (ii) of Article 27 and in any later year of income that may be agreed by the Treasurer of Australia and the Commissioner of the State Taxation Administration of China in letters exchanged for this purpose.
8. For the purposes of this Article, profits, income or gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State which are taxed in the other Contracting State in accordance with this Agreement shall be deemed to be income arising from sources in that other State.
Article 24
Mutual Agreement Procedure
1. Where a person considers that the actions of the competent authority of one or both of the Contracting States result or will result for the person in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement, the person may, irrespective of the remedies provided by the domestic law of those States, present a case to the competent authority of the Contracting State of which the person is a resident. The case must be presented within three years from the first notification of the action resulting in taxation not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement.
2. The competent authority shall endeavour, if the claim appears to it to be justified and if it is not itself able to arrive at a satisfactory solution, to resolve the case by agreement with the competent authority of the other Contracting State, with a view to the avoidance of taxation which is not in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. Any agreement reached shall be implemented notwithstanding any time limits in the domestic law of the Contracting States.
3. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavour to resolve by agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the application of this Agreement.
4. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may communicate with each other directly for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of this Agreement.
Article 25
Exchange of Information
1. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall exchange such information as is necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Agreement or of the domestic laws of the Contracting States concerning taxes covered by this Agreement, insofar as the taxation thereunder is not contrary to this Agreement, in particular for the prevention of avoidance or evasion of such taxes. Any information received by the competent authority of a Contracting State shall be treated as secret in the same manner as information obtained under the domestic laws of that State and shall be disclosed only to persons or authorities (including courts and administrative bodies) involved in the assessment or collection of, the enforcement or prosecution in respect of, or the determination of appeals in relation to, the taxes covered by this Agreement and shall be used only for such purposes.
2. In no case shall the provisions of paragraph 1 be construed so as to impose on the competent authority of a Contracting State the obligation:
(a) to carry out administrative measures at variance with the laws or the administrative practice of that or of the other Contracting State;
(b) to supply information which is not obtainable under the laws or in the normal course of the administration of that or of the other Contracting State;
(c) to supply information which would disclose any trade, business, industrial, commercial or professional secret or trade process, or information the disclosure of which would be contrary to public policy.
Article 26
Diplomatic Agents and Consular Officers
Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the fiscal privileges of diplomatic agents or consular officers under the general rules of international law or under the provisions of special agreements.
Article 27
Entry into Force
This Agreement shall enter into force on the date on which the Contracting States exchange notes through the diplomatic channel notifying each other that the last of such things has been done as is necessary to give this Agreement the force of law in Australia and in China, as the case may be, and thereupon this Agreement shall have effect:
(a) in Australia:
(i) in respect of withholding tax on income that is derived by a non-resident, in relation to income derived on or after 1 July in the calendar year next following that in which the Agreement enters into force;
(ii) in respect of other Australian tax, in relation to income of any year of income beginning on or after 1 July in the calendar year next following that in which the Agreement enters into force;
(b) in China:
in respect of income derived during any taxable year beginning on or after 1 January next following that in which this Agreement enters into force.
Article 28
Termination
This Agreement shall continue in effect indefinitely, but either of the Contracting States may, on or before 30 June in any calendar year beginning after the expiration of 5 years from the date of its entry into force, give to the other Contracting State through the diplomatic channel written notice of termination and, in that event, this Agreement shall cease to be effective:
(a) in Australia:
(i) in respect of withholding tax on income that is derived by a non-resident, in relation to income derived on or after 1 July in the calendar year next following that in which the notice of termination is given;
(ii) in respect of other Australian tax, in relation to income of any year of income beginning on or after 1 July in the calendar year next following that in which the notice of termination is given;
(b) in China:
in relation to income of any taxable year beginning on or after 1 January next following that in which the notice of termination is given.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorised thereto, have signed this Agreement.
DONE in duplicate at Canberra this 17th day of November One thousand nine hundred and eighty-eight in the Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally authentic.
For the Government For the Government
of the People's of Australia
Republic of China